French Unpacked

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Y and en

Y and en each replace a phrase introduced by a preposition. English uses a phrase such as “there”, “about it”, “some” or “of them”, or says nothing. The preposition determines which one you need: a place or a phrase with à is replaced by y, and a phrase with de, or a quantity, is replaced by en.

What each one replaces

y

replaces a place, or à + a thing

  • A place after à, dans, en, chez, sur: Tu vas chez Luc ? Oui, j’y vais. (Yes, I’m going there.)
  • A thing after penser à, réfléchir à, s’intéresser à, tenir à: J’y pense. (I’m thinking about it.)
  • Not a person: Je lui réponds (I answer him), Je pense à elle (I’m thinking about her).
  • It is part of il y a (there is, there are). Here y does not replace a phrase. See Diagrams.

en

replaces de + something, or a quantity

  • A quantity of something: Combien en veux-tu ? J’en veux trois. (How many do you want? I want three.)
  • A noun with du, de la, des: Tu veux du café ? Oui, j’en veux. (Yes, I’d like some.)
  • A thing after parler de, avoir besoin de, avoir envie de, se souvenir de: J’en ai besoin. (I need it.)
  • A place after de, meaning “from there”: Tu viens de Lyon ? Oui, j’en viens.

Where they go

Y and en go in the same place as the other unstressed pronouns (see Pronouns).

  • Before the conjugated verb: J’y vais. J’en veux.
  • Before the helper verb in the passé composé: J’y suis allé. J’en ai mangé.
  • Before an infinitive that follows a conjugated verb: Je vais y aller. Je veux en acheter.
  • In the negative, ne comes before them and pas after the verb: Je n’y vais pas. Il n’y en a plus. (There’s none left.)
  • With another pronoun they come last, and y comes before en: Je lui en donne (I give him some), Il y en a (There is some, there are some).
  • In a positive command they follow the verb, joined with a hyphen: Vas-y ! Prends-en ! The tu command of aller and of -er verbs adds an s before them: Va becomes Vas-y, and Mange becomes Manges-en.
  • In a negative command they go back before the verb: N’y va pas ! N’en prends pas !
  • Y is usually left out before the future and conditional of aller, which start with i, to avoid two i sounds in a row: J’irai demain rather than J’y irai.

Everyday expressions

In these, y and en no longer replace anything. Learn each one as a single unit.

ExpressionExampleMeaning
y allerOn y va ?Shall we go? Let’s go.
ça y estÇa y est, j’ai fini.That’s it, I’m done.
n’y pouvoir rienJe n’y peux rien.There’s nothing I can do about it.
s’en allerJe m’en vais.I’m leaving.
n’en pouvoir plusJe n’en peux plus.I can’t take any more.
en vouloir à quelqu’unJe t’en veux.I hold it against you.
s’en sortirOn s’en sort.We’re managing.
en avoir marre informalJ’en ai marre.I’m fed up.

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